Hard Assets & Dividends · Data Deep-Dive

The Silent
Expropriation

Why inflation isn't a conspiracy — but a tax nobody ever voted for. Statistically documented, with real data from the Fed, BLS, Eurostat and NBER.

"By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens."
John Maynard Keynes · The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919, Ch. VI

That's not some crypto guy talking. That's the most famous economist of the 20th century. And the word he uses is: confiscate.

▼  Scroll — and look at the numbers
The video on this topic

Rather watch than read?

Chapter 1 · The proof in your own money

The US dollar has lost 97% of its purchasing power.

0%
Purchasing-power loss of the US dollar since the Fed was founded in 1913. Of every dollar, just 3 cents of value remain today.
Source: BLS / FRED CUUR0000SA0R

Purchasing power of the US dollar 1913 → today (1913 = 100)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · FRED series CUUR0000SA0R
Interactive · Do the math yourself

What $100 from your birth year is worth today

Drag the slider to a year — and see how much purchasing power has evaporated since. Real BLS data.

Purchasing power of $100 from , expressed in today's purchasing power. Conversely: $100 today had the purchasing power of back in 1971.
Your euro, too

€100 from 1999 is worth only about €60 today.

Since the euro was introduced in 1999, German purchasing power has lost −37.6%. Some claim it "halved" — that's not true, it's about 37%. I'll stick with the real numbers. Source: Flossbach von Storch / Destatis

Chapter 2 · Why this happens

Which money supply you actually need to watch

Not every "money supply" is the same. The central-bank balance sheet (M0) is misleading — what matters is the broad money that reaches the consumer, times its velocity.

M0 · Monetary baseCash + central-bank reserves — the 2008 trap
M1 · + demand depositsmoney available on any given day
M2 · US gauge ✓+ savings/short-term deposits — the US inflation signal
M3 · Euro gauge ✓+ money-market funds — the ECB's gauge
"Don't watch the central-bank balance sheet — watch M2 / M3 × velocity."
Chapter 3 · The honest part

Why "printing = inflation" is too simple

If printing money instantly caused inflation — why did it stay below 2% from 2008–2020, even as the Fed created trillions? The answer is in this curve: velocity collapsed. The money sat in the banking system.

Source: FRED M2V

Velocity of money (M2 velocity)

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis · FRED series M2V
The 2008–2014 paradox

Fed balance sheet ×5 — and still no inflation

The Fed ballooned its balance sheet from under 1 to 4.5 trillion dollars. Inflation? Stayed below 2% for over a decade. Because the money sat as bank reserves (excess reserves peaked at ~$2.7 tn in 2014) and never reached the consumer.

Fed balance sheet ($ tn) vs. US inflation (% YoY), 2007–2015

Source: FRED WALCL (balance sheet) · BLS CPIAUCSL (inflation, own YoY calc)
The clean proof, 2020–2022

This time the money landed straight in citizens' pockets

In just over two years M2 shot up by about +40% (single-year record ~27% YoY, Feb 2021) — this time as helicopter money straight into accounts, not just as bank reserves. Roughly 12–18 months later: inflation at 9.1% (June 2022), the highest since 1981. Watch the lag between the two curves.

M2 money-supply growth vs. inflation (% YoY), 2018–2024

Source: FRED M2SL & BLS CPIAUCSL (own YoY calc) · Peak M2 +26.8% (Feb 2021), CPI peak June 2022
Not "printing = inflation." Rather: printing + it reaches the consumer + velocity holds = inflation.

Long term the money supply wins anyway — that's the purchasing-power curve from the very top. (And yes: deflation despite printing is possible — Japan, 2008/09.)

Chapter 4 · The silent expropriation

Inflation is a tax nobody ever voted for

Nobody votes on it. You pay it anyway. Economists have a name for it — the inflation tax — and it's in peer-reviewed Harvard papers, not conspiracy forums.

Interactive · Your silent expropriation
−6.3% / year real
Your account balance stays the same — your purchasing power shrinks. After 10 years, €10,000 is worth only in real terms. That's the silent expropriation — made visible.

€170 bn in a single year alone

0
is what German savers lost in purchasing power in 2022 — through negative real interest rates.
Source: Destatis data / ratior

How much government debt "financial repression" melts away

Reinhart & Sbrancia, "The Liquidation of Government Debt" · NBER w16893 · avg % of GDP / year via negative real rates

▲ Winners

  • The state — the world's largest debtor (inflation devalues its own debt)
  • Debtors in general
  • Owners of real assets (stocks, real estate)
  • Whoever is closest to the money printer — Cantillon effect

▼ Losers

  • Savers with cash & savings accounts
  • Pensioners on fixed incomes
  • Wage earners whose pay lags inflation
  • Anyone who trusts money instead of investing it
Inflation is not a natural event — it's a wealth transfer. From savers to debtors. And the biggest debtor sits in the finance ministry.
Chapter 5 · Looking ahead

CBDCs: creeping expropriation could become one at the push of a button

For 100 years the expropriation was invisible and slow. Now comes technology that could make it visible, fast and targeted: central bank digital currency (CBDC). Important: the technology enables it — whether the West uses it that way is open. China shows it live, the US is pushing back, the EU is building with privacy promises.

Expiry date on money

Money that becomes worthless after date X — to force spending. Already deployable in China.

🚫

Purchase restrictions

"This money only for X" — programmable rules for what you're allowed to pay for.

📉

Negative rates by click

The account simply shrinks — directly enforceable, no detour through banks.

🔍

Full visibility

Every transaction potentially traceable — the end of cash-like privacy.

"The central bank will have absolute control on the rules and regulations that will determine the use of … central bank liability, and also we will have the technology to enforce that."
Agustín Carstens, General Manager of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) · IMF seminar, 19 Oct 2020

That's not a goldbug at the bar — that's the top central banker of central banks. Openly, on the record. Again: no conspiracy when it's said out loud.

● CHINA · LIVE

e-CNY (digital yuan)

The world's largest live CBDC: >$2.3 tn cumulative, +800% since 2023, ~2.25 bn wallets. Expiry dates & compliance blocks technically real. Source: Atlantic Council / IndustryWeek.

● USA · AGAINST

Digital dollar — stopped

Trump executive order (23 Jan 2025) bars federal agencies from a CBDC. The Senate additionally waved through a ban until 2030 (85–5) — the law not yet finally signed, but the direction is unmistakable. Rationale: privacy & freedom.

● EU · IN PROGRESS

Digital euro

Possible first issuance in 2029 at the earliest, EU Parliament decides in 2026. Holding limit ~€3,000. The ECB promises privacy & a cash-like offline mode. Source: ECB.

Staying honest: the digital euro is officially not planned as control money. But that's exactly why the fight over limits, privacy and programmability matters now — whoever waits until it's built has no voice left.

Chapter 6 · What protects

What can't be switched off with an update

If money can lose value slowly (inflation) or fast (a CBDC rule) — what's left? Historically: real assets. Productive assets that have a real counter-value and can't be devalued with a click. As a category, not as a hot tip.

Honestly: real assets fluctuate, are no free lunch and no miracle cure. Diversification and long horizons are part of it. I'm not selling you anything here — I'm just showing you what Keynes already knew 100 years ago.

"There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency … not one man in a million is able to diagnose it."

Keynes, 1919. Not one in a million sees through it. Now you do.

Disclaimer: This content is for information and educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation to buy or sell. The asset classes mentioned are general categories, not individual recommendations. Investments in real assets and securities carry risks up to total loss. Do not make any investment decision based solely on this content, and seek independent, qualified advice where needed. All figures compiled to the best of our knowledge from the stated primary sources (as of their respective publication); no guarantee of completeness or timeliness.